一、卸载系统原有旧版本Docker首先清理系统中可能存在的旧版本Docker相关包sudo apt remove -y docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc sudo apt autoremove -y二、安装必要依赖包sudo apt update sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg lsb-release三、添加国内Docker GPG密钥选择以下任意一个国内镜像源的GPG密钥推荐清华大学或阿里云#方案1清华大学镜像源推荐sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings curl -fsSL https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg sudo chmod ar /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg#方案2阿里云镜像源sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg sudo chmod ar /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg#方案3中国科学技术大学镜像源sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings curl -fsSL https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg sudo chmod ar /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg四、配置国内Docker APT软件源根据您选择的GPG密钥对应配置相同的软件源对应方案1清华大学源echo deb [arch$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list /dev/null对应方案2阿里云源echo deb [arch$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list /dev/null对应方案3中科大源echo deb [arch$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list /dev/null五、安装Docker CE及相关组件sudo apt update -y sudo apt install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose docker-compose-plugin六、配置Docker国内镜像加速器这是关键步骤解决后续拉取Docker镜像速度慢或失败的问题sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json -EOF { registry-mirrors: [ https://docker.m.daocloud.io, https://docker.xuanyuan.me, https://docker.1ms.run, https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn, https://mirror.baidubce.com ], log-driver: json-file, log-opts: { max-size: 100m, max-file: 3 } } EOF重启Docker服务使配置生效并查看服务状态sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart docker sudo systemctl status docker七、验证安装是否成功# 验证Docker版本docker --version正常输出示例# 验证Docker Compose插件docker-compose version正常输出示例# 运行测试容器sudo docker run --rm hello-world如果看到Hello from Docker!的欢迎信息说明Docker安装和配置完全成功。八、可选将当前用户添加到docker组避免每次使用docker命令都需要sudosudo usermod -aG docker $USER重要执行完此命令后需要重启才能生效。九、如果上述在线安装仍失败离线安装方案如果你的环境完全无法访问外部网络可以使用离线安装方式步骤1在有网络的机器上下载离线包访问阿里云镜像站下载对应Ubuntu 20.04(focal)的deb包地址https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/dists/focal/pool/stable/amd64/需要下载以下5个文件版本号可能不同下载最新版即可1. containerd.io_*.deb2. docker-ce-cli_*.deb3. docker-ce_*.deb4. docker-buildx-plugin_*.deb5. docker-compose-plugin_*.deb步骤2将下载的deb包上传到目标虚拟机步骤3按顺序安装离线包sudo dpkg -i containerd.io_*.deb sudo dpkg -i docker-ce-cli_*.deb sudo dpkg -i docker-ce_*.deb sudo dpkg -i docker-buildx-plugin_*.deb sudo dpkg -i docker-compose-plugin_*.deb步骤4启动Docker服务并配置镜像加速器sudo systemctl enable --now docker然后按照第六步配置国内镜像加速器。十、常见问题解决1. GPG密钥验证失败重新执行第三步下载GPG密钥2. apt update失败尝试更换其他国内镜像源3. docker命令执行权限不足执行第八步并重新登录4. 镜像拉取失败检查daemon.json配置是否正确重启Docker服务